Language Rules Based on Personal Research

Greetings,

What is presented below is my list of rules, actually more accurately conventions, for spelling and word forms in the Elizabethan language. There are some important points which must be made before this is presented in order to clarify what is presented below.

The first point is that I do understand that there is research already done on this particular subject in a more general way. However, this research is clearly focused on the specific time period, dialect and form of the language which is presented, thus I believe that in some ways this presents a clearer picture of this specific part of the language.

The second point is that all of the research presented below is based upon the words presented in my lexicon of the language rather than any external sources. What this means is that this is based on a selection of the language rather than the entirety of it. This means that the rules are more specific to the language presented in the lexicon rather than any part which is not.

The third point is that these rules are, for the most part, presented in note form rather than paragraphs about the elements. This is important as any misunderstandings must be re-read and remembered that they are based upon what is presented.

Finally it is this set of rules and the lexicon on which I will be basing the final project upon which all of the research up to this point in time is based. It is hoped that with this information a reasonably accurate representation of the Elizabethan language of the 1590's will be formed and presented.

Elizabethan Language – Own Research

Foundation

Above all rules below, phonetic spelling of word is greatest consideration, rules then phonetics. The spelling was founded in speaking the words and thus the phonetics are most considered, following this would be the rules below, most of which are founded more in the typesetting of the print than actual spelling.

Most important of all these rules apply to printed works rather than hand-written or spoken texts, hence the importance of typesetting in the rules. Of note is also that this is for the London Dialect of Elizabethan English of the decade of the 1590s.

Use of “S”

General

Capitals always stay as “S”

“s” at end of word, or before punctuation mark e.g. “abus’de”

“Significant” words begin with “s” e.g. “skil” and “skirmiſh” most likely for emphasis

Use “ſ” in middle of word, or at the beginning of the word, not generally at the end

Specific instances of use will follow

Not replaced where “s” is before “f”, i.e. “-sf”

Plurals

Simple case of the addition of “-s” to the end of the root word, very few exceptions to this rule

Plural form of “-f” to “-ves” e.g. “wolf – wolves” remains the same

Plural form of “-y” to “ies” is followed in some circumstances and not others, in some cases the “-y” remains and followed with “-es”, some of this could be due to the “i” to “y” and vice versa convention.

Possessives

Absence of apostrophe to mark ownership

Plural conventions used for the addition of “-s”

No difference between singular and plural ownership indicators

Double “S”

In most instances a double “s” will have both changed to “long s”

Some instances a double “s” the first is changed the second is not i.e. “ſs”

No clear convention as to when the change is or is not made, however it is most common when followed by “-ing” or “-ion” or “-ity” ending

More than likely a typesetting rather than spelling convention

-ness

Two common endings “-nes” and “neſſe”

Both endings may be used on the same word

Typesetting rather than spelling convention

-less

Two common endings “-les” and “leſſe”

Both endings may be used on the same word

Typesetting rather than spelling convention

“S” and “C”

Phonetic spelling, change between “s” and “c” in the spelling is not constant, it is an individual determination

Also instances of additional change in words to accommodate change in spelling e.g. “decide” to “diſcide”.

“S” and “Z”

Both interchangeable in most instances

“s” in modern may be “z” in Elizabethan or vice versa

In most instances the consideration is phonetic rather than a typesetting consideration as there is evidence of other letters changing to accommodate the letter.

“E”

Some words have an extra “e” placed on the end, only after a consonant, possibly to extend the sound of a vowel or vowels in the middle of the word, most likely a typesetting consideration

“E” and “I”

Change from “em-” to “im-” and also “en-” to “in-”, for phonetic considerations

Also evidence of no change in some words with the these beginnings

Some change of “e” and “i” in the middle of words for phonetic change, however this does not always occur, could be typesetting or phonetic cause.

“I” and “Y”

Conventions not solid for the most part, very flexible in the use of the conventions. More likely to be typesetting conventions than spelling conventions

“i” to “y” in middle of word, not always, a vowel before is common

“y” to “i” in middle of word, rare but present

“ie” to “y” at end of word, not always

“y” to “ie” at end of word, not always

“y” to “ye” at end of word, not always

“J” and “I”

“j” to “i” in the middle of words, most instances

Roman numerals – last “i” to “j”

“j” to “i” at beginning of words, most instances, especially where a capital

(more research required: not distinct due to Latin derivation)

“L”

May be doubled where single in modern spelling, applies to middle as well as the end

May be single where doubled in modern spelling, especially in cases where a plural is formed, or ending added. Cases for both middle and end of word.

“U” and “V”

“v” to “u” in the middle of a word e.g. above – aboue

“v” remains unchanged at the beginning of the word

“u” to “v” changed at the beginning of a word

“u” remains unchanged in the middle of a word

The exception is in the title of a piece in which “u” is changed to “v” in the title where it is placed in capitals of any form

“W”

Instances of “vv” instead of “w” very much interchangeable

Typesetting consideration rather than any spelling, ligature or single letter used

Verb Forms

“To Do”

Both “-s” and “-eth” forms used on words

Some verbs may use different endings

Some instances of “-est” rather than “-eth”

Both forms used, newer form is less prevalent than older form, but increasing in presence

Archaic Endings

The archaic forms of verbs are present in the language, but are increasingly losing ground to more modern forms of the words

The form of the language depends in the subject and author

As with many spellings, many of these are dependent on typesetting as much as anything else

“-ed”, “-d” and “-t”

The past tense ending “-ed” may be replaced by “-d”, “-‘d” or “-t”

In some instances it may also be replaced by “-de”

The use of “-t” is mostly phonetic following “sh”, “ch” or “k”

While mostly phonetic there is an element of typesetting consideration present in this convention

Simple addition for past tense of word

Truncated Words

Truncations otherwise unspecified below are to do with spelling conventions of words, or lack thereof in most instances rather than deliberate truncation of words for a purpose.

Use of ~

Truncation using tilde (~) is for the replacement of “n” or “m”

The previous vowel has the tilde above it.

The replacement of “n” is more common than “m”

In the case of a double “m” or “n” the vowel before has the tilde and then it is followed by a single “m” or “n” depending on the word

No definitive choice where there is more than one either “m” or “n” in the word, this is clearly more of a typesetting choice for even lines in the document than any spelling or pronunciation factors

The vowel “i” is not used for vowel for truncation, other vowels all are

The most common vowels are “e” and “o”

Truncation using tilde is used both in the middle of words and also at the end

Use of ‘

Primary truncation is the removal of “e” in “ed” words

Other words truncated, primarily removal of “e”, but also “i” or “v” in “over-“ words

“E” sometimes accompanied by consonant in removal

Primary purpose is typesetting in prose, thus little to do with pronunciation or spelling, however can be used to change pronunciation and rhythm in poems and plays

“-ered” to “-red”

The removal of “e” following a consonant with past tense use e.g. “dismembered” to “dismembred”.

In some cases an apostrophe is used, as previously indicated, but in most cases it is not

This truncation is most likely due to typesetting, but does also change pronunciation

Ending Doubles

Double consonant at end of words in some cases. Short words ending in vowels extended by doubling phonetic compatible consonant. Ending doubles are more typesetting than spelling consideration, extending words in order to keep the ends of the lines even.

I hope that this is of use to people in their own endeavours. I considered cleaning this up and presenting it better, but decided that it is better presented as it is rather than in more formal language. These are rather loose rules of the language and should be used with some knowledge of more formal rules presented in reputable sources. It is only through the examination of the language ourselves that we can really get a feel for it, rather than simply following along with rules and theories presented by others. Needless to say that I will be using the rules presented here along with research already presented to present the language in a close form to what it would have been in the period.

Cheers,

Henry.

Lexicon Update and Research Update

Greetings,

In my last post I posted a link to my newly created lexicon for the 1590s, well I have had another look through this document and made some changes, some subtle, some not so subtle. As a result there is a new version available for your interest. This newer version is available here: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/32538238/Lexicon%20V2.pdf This document is free to use as reference material, however it would be appreciated if due credit was given where it is due for the origination of this document as there is several years invested in it.

I have been in the process of discovering rules about the spelling of the language and how the words were used. I do realise that much of this research has already been completed for Early Modern English and also Elizabethan English, however I decided that I needed such research done for the particular time and dialect which is the focus of the study. The result of this will be some elements which are very much the same as what has already been posted here, and there will also no doubt be some areas in which there are elements which are unique to the time and dialect which has been chosen. I will probably post this new research in blocks in order to keep up to date here, however this is a consideration dependent on how the research proceeds.

This a short post merely for updating how things are proceeding in the research. I am hoping to present something more substantial soon. I dare not place a time estimate on this due to the nature of the research being conducted. I hope that the next update will be sooner rather than later.

Cheers,

Henry.

Lexicon Complete and Update

Greetings,

The Elizabethan Lexicon which I have been working on as a partner to the language project which is found here, and I have indicated is complete, or at least in its first version. If you are interested in accessing this document for your own personal use it can be accessed here:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/32538238/Lexicon%20V1.pdf

With this part of the project completed for the most part, at least for now, it is possible to examine the words found within the lexicon for commonalities. Through these commonalities "rules" should emerge as to the spellings of them, and also the forms of the words. These can then form "rules" which could allow for the "translation" of Modern to Elizabethan English.

As the language, as indicated in previous posts, was in a process of change these "rules" can only be very general. While these rules may only a general indication as to the form of the words of the language, it is still useful to get an overall understanding of the forms of the words and how they are constructed. Some of these rules have already been indicated in previous posts on this blog, however, I feel it is important that I do my own discovery of the rules as the ones which I have found. These rules will also be more specific to the lexicon as it is presented rather than Early Modern English or Elizabethan English, as broad background reference points.

Once I have more information with regard to these rules and their form and complexity, this will make the decision as to whether I will publish these rules as individual posts or as a single complete post. The second version of the lexicon may also include these rules as part of the reference material found within it. Needless to say, either way that it goes, some form of these rules will be found on these pages.

Cheers,

Henry.

The End of the Collection Process

Greetings,

Having completed the collection process for de Loque's (1591) Discourses of War and Single Combat, I have come to the conclusion that with the six period sources of various types that I have used, that the lexicon is suitably complete. I do understand that there are more sources from the 1590s that could be included in the lexicon, however at this stage, in order to move forward with the overall project, I think that the lexicon is suitably complete. There are 98 pages of lexemes present in the lexicon, covering some approximately 5,000 lexemes, some with more than one spelling of the word. I believe that this lexicon, while it could continue to increase is suitably large to cover the period of the 1590s at this stage.

The procedure in order to move forward at this stage is to assemble the lexicon, adding the glossary and some secondary sourced lexemes along with their appropriate sources to be added to the bibliography. These will be included with appropriate explanations for the sources of the words and how they were come about. This lexicon will require some explanation as to its set-up and processes and as such the appropriate introductions and conclusions for the various parts of the lexicon. Once this is complete then further study of the language will be required.

The dream or ultimate goal in this process is to eventually attain rules for spelling, grammar and punctuation in order that the English language of the 1590s can be produced in some fashion, and being a reasonable replica of this language. Much of this information has been supplied in the various investigations which have been presented, but these need to be formed in to a more usable format  for the practical elements of the language to be accessible, and thus the ability to create language in a suitable fashion or at least a good facsimile of the language. This being the case it is hoped that more frequent updates will be possible.

Cheers,

Henry.

Collection Process

Greetings,

I thought it would be useful to describe my collection technique for the words which I am putting into my lexicon. This will enable people to understand the process of word collection and see that I am not just collecting them from random sources claiming to be from the correct period. The process which follows has four steps involved in it.

The first step is to select the source from which the words are to come. The original stipulation for documents to qualify was that they had to come from the period of Elizabeth I's reign, however I have refined things a little more an am only using sources from the 1590's for a little more focus. In this document selection I aim to get as close to the original document as possible. A pdf format facsimile of the original is the best in this particular instance even if the readability is a little lacking in places.

The second step is to extract the words from the document. A special note needs to be made here that I am only extracting those words which are spelled differently from their modern counter-parts, have a different meaning from their modern counter-parts, or are what would be called "difficult" words, those which for the modern audience would cause issue. These words are first recorded in a hard-copy form, written to paper. First in a book and then on loose-leaf paper. The former for collection, the second to start collation. Once the two hard-copies are made they are then recorded in alphabetical order electronically under the title of the document. This is the longest part of the process.

The third step in the is to integrate these words into the lexicon, remembering to highlight those "difficult" words which have been found in the search. These words are stored alphabetically by the modern word. Once this process has been completed then I look for the definitions of the "difficult" words and those with different meanings additional or separate from their modern ones. These meanings are stored to be added into the lexicon later on.

This is a process which takes quite some time, hence this project continuing as long as it has. It is also for this reason that my updates which have been printed recently have such large gaps between them. Regardless, I hope that due to the time taken with this process that a reasonably accurate recording of the words from the period is made.

Cheers,

Henry.

Project Update 16/06/2013

Greetings,

I have recently finished both transferring the words from paper to electronic form for Chettle's (1592) Kind-Harts Dreame. The process of collecting and collating the words included transferring them into the lexicon which is being built from these words. Following this was to find those words which were unusual or difficult.

These unusual or difficult words were highlighted throughout the process in both paper and electronic form. This has been the case for all of the sources. Once the words have been identified their Elizabethan meanings were researched and recorded as a supplement to the lexicon. This allows for an understanding of those words which are difficult, unusual or have different meanings from the present day. The glossary will be added to the lexicon in the final product for the assistance of meaning.

The plan is to move on to the 1591 translation by Thomas Elyot of Discourses of War and Single Combat by B. de Loque. I am unsure of any completion date of this one as while it is relatively short at 40 pages, it is written in a Gothic script of the period and is thus going to be a little difficult to read even in the pdf version. I will give an update at some later date once some progress has been made.

Cheers,

Henry.

Project Update 15/5/2013

Greetings,

I have been working on Chettle (1592) Kind-Harts Dreame since my last post. Things have been going a little slower of late and it has taken longer than I expected. This is due to outside factors affecting the ability to record the words. I have recorded the words in the first draft from all of the pages.

The next part of the process is to finalise the second recording of the words, and then moving to put them into an electronic form. The final part of the process is to include these words into the lexicon which has been built using all of the sources used so far. After this it will be seeking my next source. Due to the lengths of the sources which are available, I would expect that there is going to be a bit of a gap between this and the next update, unless I come up with something significant while recording.

Cheers,

Henry.